- Hematoma
- A localized collection of blood under the skin, appearing as swelling and bruising, that results when blood leaks from the punctured vein into surrounding tissue. It is a common complication that requires stopping the draw and applying pressure.
- Anticoagulant
- An additive placed in certain collection tubes to prevent blood from clotting, such as EDTA, heparin, or sodium citrate. The choice of anticoagulant depends on the laboratory test ordered.
- Standard Precautions
- An infection-control approach that treats all blood and body fluids as potentially infectious, requiring practices such as hand hygiene and personal protective equipment for every patient. Phlebotomists apply these precautions to protect themselves and patients.
- Chain of Custody
- A documented, unbroken record tracking the handling, transfer, and control of a specimen from collection through analysis, used for legally sensitive samples such as forensic or drug-screen collections. It ensures specimen integrity and admissibility.
- Patient Identification
- The mandatory process of confirming a patient's identity using at least two identifiers, such as full name and date of birth, before any blood is drawn. Correct identification prevents mislabeled specimens and transfusion errors.
- Order of Draw
- The standardized sequence in which blood collection tubes must be filled during a multi-tube venipuncture to prevent cross-contamination of additives from one tube into the next. Following it protects the accuracy of test results, especially coagulation and chemistry panels.
- Venipuncture
- The procedure of puncturing a vein with a needle to collect a blood sample, most commonly from the antecubital area of the arm. It is the primary blood collection method a phlebotomist performs.
- Capillary (Dermal) Puncture
- A blood collection method that uses a lancet to puncture the skin—typically a fingertip or an infant's heel—to obtain small quantities of capillary blood. It is used when only a small sample is needed or when venous access is difficult.
- Hemolysis
- The rupture of red blood cells that releases their contents into the surrounding serum or plasma, often caused by rough handling, a needle that is too small, or vigorous mixing. A hemolyzed specimen can invalidate certain test results and require redraw.
- Antecubital Fossa
- The bend of the arm opposite the elbow where the median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins lie close to the surface. It is the preferred site for routine venipuncture because these veins are typically large and accessible.